Mu'alim al-Qur'an - Connecting People with The Qur'an

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Mu'alim al-Qur'an - Connecting People with The Qur'an

Lesson No. 39
The Energetic; Oaths and Exclamations

Energetic forms are used in special circumstances to signify the future. They are formed by adding endings -anna or -an to the Jussive and shortened suffixes. Examples include يَقُولُوا, تَرَيِنَّ, and يُنْسِيَنَّ.
The use of the Energetic is normally triggered in four ways.
1- After la- ل
لِتُصْبِحُنَّ نَادِمِينَ
you will be repentant
لَتُنَبِّئَنَّهُم بِأَمْرِهِمْ هَٰذَا
you will tell them about this affair of theirs
There are also energetic forms of the Imperative, but these are very rare, and not found in the Qur'an.
لَيَنْصُرَنَّهُ اَللهُ
God will help him
2- in the jawab to a shart introduced by لَئِنْ lain
لَئِنْ جَاءَ نَصْرٌ مِنْ رَبِكَ لَيَقُولُنَّ إِنَّا كُنَّا مَعَكُمْ
if a victory comes to you from your Lord, they will say, 'We were with you.
لَئِن لَّمْ يَنتَهِ لَنَسْفَعًا بِالنَّاصِيَةِ
If he does not desist, We shall seize [him] by the forelock
لَئِن لَّمْ يَفْعَلْ مَا آمُرُهُ لَيُسْجَنَنَّ وَلَيَكُونًا مِّنَ الصَّاغِرِينَ
If he does not do what I tell him to do, he will be imprisoned and be one of those brought low
Other categories may also trigger the use of the Energetic, but of these the only one found in the Qur'an is the interrogative:
هَلْ يُذْهِبَنَّ كَيْدُهُ مَا يَغِيظُ
will his trick remove what is enraging [him]?

Oaths are introduced by prepositions wa-, bi-, or ta-, meaning 'by God'. Quranic oaths include بِاَللهِ, وَاللهِ only in early Meccan material, with general rules for complement introduction.
1. In a nominal sentence using la- or inna. .. la-:
وَ اَلْقُرآنِ اَلْحَكِيمِ إِنَّكَ لَمِنَ اَلْمُرْسَلِينَ
by the decisive recitation, you are one of those who have been sent!
In a positive verbal sentence, use la- and the energetic (present and future), laqad (sometimes just qad) and the perfect (past), or by inna.
تَاَللهِ لَتُسْأَلُنَّ عَمَّ كُنْتُمْ تَفْتَرونَ
by God you will be asked about what you concocted!
وَهَٰذَا الْبَلَدِ الْأَمِينِ لَقَدْ خَلَقْنَا الْإِنسَانَ
By this secure territory, We have created man!
وَنَفْس... قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَن زَكَّاهَا
By a soul… the one who keeps it pure will prosper!
2. In a negative sentence:
a) with ma + the perfect or la + the imperfect or ma A with a nominal sentence:
وَاَللهِ مَا كُنَّا مُشْرِكِينَ
by God we were not polytheists!
وَالضُّحَىٰ ‎مَا وَدَّعَكَ رَبُّكَ
by the forenoon you Lord has not said farewell to you!
وَالْقَلَمِ مَا أَنتَ بِمَجْنُونٍ
By the pen you are not possessed!
b) With the absence of any particle, either positive or negative, as in:
تَاَللهِ تَفْتَأُ تَذْكُرُ يُوسُفَ
by God, you do not cease remembering Yusufl
Oaths in rhetorical pieces can disrupt sentence flow, with words like bal and hal starting the main sentence.
وَ اَلْقُرْآنِ اَلْمَجِيدِ بَلْ عَجِبُوا
by the glorious Qur'an, no, they wondered!
Other rhetorical modifications occasionally appear:
وَشَاهِدٍ وَمَشْهُودٍ قُتِلَ أَصْحَابُ اَلْأُخْدُودِ
by that which witnesses and that which is witnessed, slain were the men of the pit
Commentators agree that the oath is followed by a positive statement, and can be introduced by verbs like حَلَفَ, أَقْسَمَ, and شَهِدَ.
يَحْلِفُونَ بِاَللهِ إِنَّهُمْ لَمِنْكُمْ
they swear by God that they are of you
يُقْسِمَانِ بِاللَّهِ لَشَهَادَتُنَا أَحَقُّ مِن شَهَادَتِهِمَا
Let the two of them swear by God, ‘Our testimony is truer than theirs’
نَشْهَدُ إِنَّكَ لَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ
We bear witness that you are God’s messenger
The phrase la uqsimu is debated by commentators as it could mean 'No! I swear' or 'I swear', with other examples supporting the second meaning.

Layta, 'would that', acts like inna, anna, or lalla, taking a noun or suffix. Qur'an examples precede ya, except 25:28, where وَيْلَتَا is interposed.
يَا لَيْتَ قَوْمِي يَعْلَمُونَ
would that my people knew!
يَا لَيْتَنَا أَطَعْنَا اللَّهَ
would that we had obeyed God!
يَا لَيْتَنِي مِتُّ قَبْلَ هَٰذَا
Would that I had died before this!

Waylun, 'woe', is a common term in the Qur'an, used in the indefinite nominative to indicate the cause of the woe.
وَيْلٌ لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ
woe to the polytheists!
وَيْلٌ لِّلْكَافِرِينَ مِنْ عَذَابٍ شَدِيدٍ
Woe to those who do not believe, because of a severe torment!
There is a rare example of the definite:
لَكُمُ اَلْوَيْلُ مِمَّا تَصِفُونَ
woe to you for what you describe
The accusative and a suffix is also found: وَيْلَكَ, وَيْلَكُمْ and وَيْلَنَا.
Four feminine وَيْلَةٌ examples exist, three with pausal form وَيْلَتَى after lamentation, and one in accusative with suffix وَيْلَتَنَا.

The Qur'an does not contain the particle wd for regret, but its alternative, ya, appears similar. It is followed by the pausal form -a in phrases like layta and wayl.
يَا أَسَفَى عَلَى يُوسُفَ
Oh, how I grieve for Joseph
يَا حَسْرَتَىٰ
Oh, woe is me!

Singular Plural Meaning
أَسَفٌ
grief
حَسْرَةٌ
sorrow, anguish
صَوْمٌ
fast
ضُحٍى
forenoon
نَاصِيَةٌ
نَوَاصٍ
forelock
أَجْمَعُ
all
صَاغِرٌ
humbled
قَدِيمٌ
قُدَمَاءُ
old, ancient
يَوْمَئِذٍ
on that day
Perfect Imperfect Verbal Noun Meaning
حَلَفَ
يَحْلِفُ
حِلْفٌ
to swear
رَجَمَ
يَرْجُمُ
رَجْمٌ
to stone
سَجَنَ
يَسْجُنُ
سَجْنٌ
to imprison
سَفَعَ
يَسْفَعُ
سَفْعٌ
to drag
شَهِدَ
يَشْهَدُ
شَهَادَةٌ
to witness
عَجِبَ
يَعْجَبُ
عَجَبٌ
to wonder
غَلَبَ
يَغْلِبُ
غَلَبٌ
to overcome
قَعَدَ
يَقْعُدُ
قُعُودٌ
to sit, lurk
نَذَرَ
يَنْذُرُ
نَذْرٌ
to vow
غَاظَ
يَغِيظُ
غَيْظٌ
to enrage
زَكَّى
يُزَكّي
تَزْكِيَةٌ
to purify, keep pure
وَدَّعَ
يُوَدِعُ
يَوْدِيعٌ
to bid farewell to
أَقْسَمَ
يُقْسِمُ
إِقْسَامٌ
to swear
أَنْجَى
يُنْجِي
إِنْجَاءٌ
to save
أَنْسَى
يُنْيِي
إِنْسَاءٌ
to cause to forget
اِنْتَقَمَ
يَنْتَقِمٌ
اِنْتِقَامٌ
to take revenge on (+min)
اِنْتَهَى
يَنْتَهِي
اِنْتِهَاءٌ
to cease, desist
اِسْتَخَفَّ
يَسْتَخِفُّ
اِسْتِخْفَافٌ
to make unstable

وَمَا خَلَقْنَا ٱلسَّمَآءَ وَٱلْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا بَـٰطِلًا ۚ ذَٰلِكَ ظَنُّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ ۚ فَوَيْلٌ لِّلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنَ ٱلنَّارِ
And We did not create the heaven and the earth and that between them aimlessly. That is the assumption of those who disbelieve, so woe to those who disbelieve from the Fire.
فَوَيْلٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ لِّلْمُكَذِّبِينَ
Then woe, that Day, to the deniers,
فَوَيْلٌ لِّلَّذِينَ يَكْتُبُونَ ٱلْكِتَـٰبَ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ ثُمَّ يَقُولُونَ هَـٰذَا مِنْ عِندِ ٱللَّهِ لِيَشْتَرُوا۟ بِهِۦ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا ۖ فَوَيْلٌ لَّهُم مِّمَّا كَتَبَتْ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَوَيْلٌ لَّهُم مِّمَّا يَكْسِبُونَ
So woe to those who write the "scripture" with their own hands, then say, "This is from Allah," in order to exchange it for a small price. Woe to them for what their hands have written and woe to them for what they earn.
قُلْ إِنَّمَآ أَنَا۠ بَشَرٌ مِّثْلُكُمْ يُوحَىٰٓ إِلَىَّ أَنَّمَآ إِلَـٰهُكُمْ إِلَـٰهٌ وَٰحِدٌ فَٱسْتَقِيمُوٓا۟ إِلَيْهِ وَٱسْتَغْفِرُوهُ ۗ وَوَيْلٌ لِّلْمُشْرِكِينَ
Say, O [Muhammad], "I am only a man like you to whom it has been revealed that your god is but one God; so take a straight course to Him and seek His forgiveness." And woe to those who associate others with Allah -
وَٱقْتَرَبَ ٱلْوَعْدُ ٱلْحَقُّ فَإِذَا هِىَ شَـٰخِصَةٌ أَبْصَـٰرُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ يَـٰوَيْلَنَا قَدْ كُنَّا فِى غَفْلَةٍ مِّنْ هَـٰذَا بَلْ كُنَّا ظَـٰلِمِينَ
And [when] the true promise has approached; then suddenly the eyes of those who disbelieved will be staring [in horror, while they say], "O woe to us; we had been unmindful of this; rather, we were wrongdoers."
وَأُحِيطَ بِثَمَرِهِۦ فَأَصْبَحَ يُقَلِّبُ كَفَّيْهِ عَلَىٰ مَآ أَنفَقَ فِيهَا وَهِىَ خَاوِيَةٌ عَلَىٰ عُرُوشِهَا وَيَقُولُ يَـٰلَيْتَنِى لَمْ أُشْرِكْ بِرَبِّىٓ أَحَدًا
And his fruits were encompassed [by ruin], so he began to turn his hands about [in dismay] over what he had spent on it, while it had collapsed upon its trellises, and said, "Oh, I wish I had not associated with my Lord anyone."
يَوْمَ تُقَلَّبُ وُجُوهُهُمْ فِى ٱلنَّارِ يَقُولُونَ يَـٰلَيْتَنَآ أَطَعْنَا ٱللَّهَ وَأَطَعْنَا ٱلرَّسُولَا۠
The Day their faces will be turned about in the Fire, they will say, "How we wish we had obeyed Allah and obeyed the Messenger."
قِيلَ ٱدْخُلِ ٱلْجَنَّةَ ۖ قَالَ يَـٰلَيْتَ قَوْمِى يَعْلَمُونَ
It was said, "Enter Paradise." He said, "I wish my people could know
إِنَّآ أَنذَرْنَـٰكُمْ عَذَابًا قَرِيبًا يَوْمَ يَنظُرُ ٱلْمَرْءُ مَا قَدَّمَتْ يَدَاهُ وَيَقُولُ ٱلْكَافِرُ يَـٰلَيْتَنِى كُنتُ تُرَٰبًۢا
Indeed, We have warned you of a near punishment on the Day when a man will observe what his hands have put forth and the disbeliever will say, "Oh, I wish that I were dust!"
لَآ أُقْسِمُ بِهَـٰذَا ٱلْبَلَدِ
I swear by this city, Makkah -
وَٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّخَذُوا۟ مَسْجِدًا ضِرَارًا وَكُفْرًا وَتَفْرِيقًۢا بَيْنَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَإِرْصَادًا لِّمَنْ حَارَبَ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ مِن قَبْلُ ۚ وَلَيَحْلِفُنَّ إِنْ أَرَدْنَآ إِلَّا ٱلْحُسْنَىٰ ۖ وَٱللَّهُ يَشْهَدُ إِنَّهُمْ لَكَـٰذِبُونَ
And [there are] those [hypocrites] who took for themselves a mosque for causing harm and disbelief and division among the believers and as a station for whoever had warred against Allah and His Messenger before. And they will surely swear, "We intended only the best." And Allah testifies that indeed they are liars.
قَالُوا۟ تَٱللَّهِ إِنَّكَ لَفِى ضَلَـٰلِكَ ٱلْقَدِيمِ
They said, "By Allah, indeed you are in your [same] old error."
ثُمَّ لَمْ تَكُن فِتْنَتُهُمْ إِلَّآ أَن قَالُوا۟ وَٱللَّهِ رَبِّنَا مَا كُنَّا مُشْرِكِينَ
Then there will be no [excuse upon] examination except they will say, "By Allah, our Lord, we were not those who associated."
فَوَرَبِّكَ لَنَسْـَٔلَنَّهُمْ أَجْمَعِينَ
So by your Lord, We will surely question them all
فَوَرَبِّكَ لَنَحْشُرَنَّهُمْ وَٱلشَّيَـٰطِينَ ثُمَّ لَنُحْضِرَنَّهُمْ حَوْلَ جَهَنَّمَ جِثِيًّا
So by your Lord, We will surely gather them and the devils; then We will bring them to be present around Hell upon their knees.
وَقَالَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ لَا تَأْتِينَا ٱلسَّاعَةُ ۖ قُلْ بَلَىٰ وَرَبِّى لَتَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ عَـٰلِمِ ٱلْغَيْبِ ۖ لَا يَعْزُبُ عَنْهُ مِثْقَالُ ذَرَّةٍ فِى ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَلَا فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَلَآ أَصْغَرُ مِن ذَٰلِكَ وَلَآ أَكْبَرُ إِلَّا فِى كِتَـٰبٍ مُّبِينٍ
But those who disbelieve say, "The Hour will not come to us." Say, "Yes, by my Lord, it will surely come to you. [Allah is] the Knower of the unseen." Not absent from Him is an atom's weight within the heavens or within the earth or [what is] smaller than that or greater, except that it is in a clear register -
وَلَئِن سَأَلْتَهُم مَّنْ خَلَقَهُمْ لَيَقُولُنَّ ٱللَّهُ ۖ فَأَنَّىٰ يُؤْفَكُونَ
And if you asked them who created them, they would surely say, "Allah." So how are they deluded?
كَتَبَ ٱللَّهُ لَأَغْلِبَنَّ أَنَا۠ وَرُسُلِىٓ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ قَوِىٌّ عَزِيزٌ
Allah has written, "I will surely overcome, I and My messengers." Indeed, Allah is Powerful and Exalted in Might.
وَقَالَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ لِرُسُلِهِمْ لَنُخْرِجَنَّكُم مِّنْ أَرْضِنَآ أَوْ لَتَعُودُنَّ فِى مِلَّتِنَا ۖ فَأَوْحَىٰٓ إِلَيْهِمْ رَبُّهُمْ لَنُهْلِكَنَّ ٱلظَّـٰلِمِينَ
And those who disbelieved said to their messengers, "We will surely drive you out of our land, or you must return to our religion." So their Lord inspired to them, "We will surely destroy the wrongdoers.
ٱللَّهُ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ۚ لَيَجْمَعَنَّكُمْ إِلَىٰ يَوْمِ ٱلْقِيَـٰمَةِ لَا رَيْبَ فِيهِ ۗ وَمَنْ أَصْدَقُ مِنَ ٱللَّهِ حَدِيثًا
Allah - there is no deity except Him. He will surely assemble you for [account on] the Day of Resurrection, about which there is no doubt. And who is more truthful than Allah in statement.
وَلَا يَصُدَّنَّكُمُ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنُ ۖ إِنَّهُۥ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ مُّبِينٌ
And never let Satan avert you. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy.
وَلَا تَحْسَبَنَّ ٱللَّهَ غَـٰفِلًا عَمَّا يَعْمَلُ ٱلظَّـٰلِمُونَ ۚ إِنَّمَا يُؤَخِّرُهُمْ لِيَوْمٍ تَشْخَصُ فِيهِ ٱلْأَبْصَـٰرُ
And never think that Allah is unaware of what the wrongdoers do. He only delays them for a Day when eyes will stare [in horror].
قَالَ أَرَاغِبٌ أَنتَ عَنْ ءَالِهَتِى يَـٰٓإِبْرَٰهِيمُ ۖ لَئِن لَّمْ تَنتَهِ لَأَرْجُمَنَّكَ ۖ وَٱهْجُرْنِى مَلِيًّا
[His father] said, "Have you no desire for my gods, O Abraham? If you do not desist, I will surely stone you, so avoid me a prolonged time."
قُلْ مَن يُنَجِّيكُم مِّن ظُلُمَـٰتِ ٱلْبَرِّ وَٱلْبَحْرِ تَدْعُونَهُۥ تَضَرُّعًا وَخُفْيَةً لَّئِنْ أَنجَىٰنَا مِنْ هَـٰذِهِۦ لَنَكُونَنَّ مِنَ ٱلشَّـٰكِرِينَ
Say, "Who rescues you from the darknesses of the land and sea [when] you call upon Him imploring [aloud] and privately, 'If He should save us from this [crisis], we will surely be among the thankful.' "
وَإِذَا رَأَيْتَ ٱلَّذِينَ يَخُوضُونَ فِىٓ ءَايَـٰتِنَا فَأَعْرِضْ عَنْهُمْ حَتَّىٰ يَخُوضُوا۟ فِى حَدِيثٍ غَيْرِهِۦ ۚ وَإِمَّا يُنسِيَنَّكَ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنُ فَلَا تَقْعُدْ بَعْدَ ٱلذِّكْرَىٰ مَعَ ٱلْقَوْمِ ٱلظَّـٰلِمِينَ
And when you see those who engage in [offensive] discourse concerning Our verses, then turn away from them until they enter into another conversation. And if Satan should cause you to forget, then do not remain after the reminder with the wrongdoing people.
يَـٰبَنِىٓ ءَادَمَ لَا يَفْتِنَنَّكُمُ ٱلشَّيْطَـٰنُ كَمَآ أَخْرَجَ أَبَوَيْكُم مِّنَ ٱلْجَنَّةِ يَنزِعُ عَنْهُمَا لِبَاسَهُمَا لِيُرِيَهُمَا سَوْءَٰتِهِمَآ ۗ إِنَّهُۥ يَرَىٰكُمْ هُوَ وَقَبِيلُهُۥ مِنْ حَيْثُ لَا تَرَوْنَهُمْ ۗ إِنَّا جَعَلْنَا ٱلشَّيَـٰطِينَ أَوْلِيَآءَ لِلَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ
O children of Adam, let not Satan tempt you as he removed your parents from Paradise, stripping them of their clothing to show them their private parts. Indeed, he sees you, he and his tribe, from where you do not see them. Indeed, We have made the devils allies to those who do not believe.
فَلَمَّا رَءَا ٱلْقَمَرَ بَازِغًا قَالَ هَـٰذَا رَبِّى ۖ فَلَمَّآ أَفَلَ قَالَ لَئِن لَّمْ يَهْدِنِى رَبِّى لَأَكُونَنَّ مِنَ ٱلْقَوْمِ ٱلضَّآلِّينَ
And when he saw the moon rising, he said, "This is my lord." But when it set, he said, "Unless my Lord guides me, I will surely be among the people gone astray."
فَٱصْبِرْ إِنَّ وَعْدَ ٱللَّهِ حَقٌّ ۖ وَلَا يَسْتَخِفَّنَّكَ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يُوقِنُونَ
So be patient. Indeed, the promise of Allah is truth. And let them not disquiet you who are not certain [in faith].