Mu'alim al-Qur'an - Connecting People with The Qur'an

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Mu'alim al-Qur'an - Connecting People with The Qur'an

Lesson No. 28
Hollow Verbs

Hollow verbs have waw or ya as their middle radical and are divided into three distinct types.
  1. The original vowel pattern of kataba was utilized in the middle radical of the word.
  2. The original vowel pattern of kataba was used in the middle radical of those with a ya.
  3. The original vowel pattern of shariba is irrelevant, as it can only appear in the masdar.

The introduction of the first type in Arabic is attributed to the significance of qala and kana, the two most common verbs.
Type 2 Arabic employs kasra to replace damma in contracted forms and an i to replace u in imperfect tenses.
Learning a table is more effective than applying substitution rules.
Perfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
سَارَ
 3m.
سَارَا
سَارُوا
سَارَتْ
 3f.
سَارَتَا
سِرْنَ
سِرْتَ
 2m.
سِرْتُمَا
سِرْتُمْ
سِرْتَ
 2f.
سِرْتُمَا
سِرْتْنَّ
سِرْتُ
 I
-
سِرْنَا
Imperfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَسِيرُ
 3m.
يَسِيرَانِ
يَسِيرُونَ
تَسِيرُ
3f.
تَسِيرَانِ
يَسْرْنَ
تَسِيرُ
2m.
تَسِيرَانِ
تَسِيرونَ
تَسِيرِينَ
2f.
تَسِيرَانِ
تَسِرنَ
أَسِيرُ
I
-
نَسِيرُ
Subjunctive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَسِيرَ
3m.
يَسِيرَا
يَسِيرُوا
تَسْيرَ
3f.
تَسِيرَا
يَسْرْنَ
تَسْيرَ
2m.
تَسِيرَا
تَسِيرُوا
تَسِيرِي
2f.
تَسِيرَا
تَسِرْنَ
أَسِيرَ
I
-
نَسِيرَ
Jussive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَسِرْ
3m.
يَسِيرَا
يَسِيرُوا
تَسِرْ
3f.
تَسِيرَا
يَسِرْنَ
تَسِرَ
2m.
تَسِيرَا
تَسِيرُوا
تَسِيرِي
2f.
تَسِيرَا
تَسِرْنَ
أَسِرْ
I
-
نَسِرْ
Type 3 in the Perfect has a shortened vowel, resulting in fatha, while in the Imperfect it has a shortened a.
Perfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
خَافَ
3m.
خَافَا
خَافُوا
خَافتْ
3f.
خَافَتَا
خِفْنَ
خِفْتَ
2m.
خِفْتُمَا
خِفْتُمْ
خِفْتِ
2f.
خِفْتُمَا
خِفْتُنَّ
خِفْتُ
I
-
خِفْنَا
Imperfect:
يخَافُ
3m.
يخَافَانِ
يخَافُون
تَخَافُ
3f.
تخَافَانِ
يخِفْنَ
تَخَافُ
2m.
تخَافَانِ
تخَافُونَ
تَخَافِينَ
2f.
تخَافَانِ
خِفْتُنَّ
أَخِافُ
I
-
نَخافُ
Subjunctive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَخَافَ
3m.
يَخَافَا
يَخَافُوا
تَخَافَ
3f.
تخَافَا
يخِفْنَ
تَخَافَ
2m.
تخَافَا
تخَافُوا
تَخَافِي
2f.
تخَافَا
تَخفْنَ
أَخَافَ
I
-
نَخَافَ
Jussive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَخَفْ
3m.
يَخَافَا
يَخَافُوا
تَخَفْ
3f.
تخَافَا
يَخَفْنَ
تَخَفْ
2m.
تخَافَا
تخَافُوا
تَخَافِيَ
2f.
تخَافَا
تَخَفْنَ
أَخَفْ
I
-
نَخَفْ

Four derived forms (2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th) function as sound verbs with waw or ya as an ordinary radical, while the remaining four have hollow forms for all three types.
Perfect:
The Perfect vowel is shortened for all four forms (4th, 7th, 8th, and 10th), with the vowel before the third radical being a fatha like أَرَدْتُمْ.
Imperfect etc.:
The imperfect tenses, masdars, and participles have pairs of forms, with the 4th and 10th forms changing, and the 7th and 8th forms changing.
The Imperfects, masdars, and Qur'an all share similar forms, with the Qur'an having the form إِقَامَةٌ instead of the normal أَقَامَ.
The participles are clearly differentiated:
active: مُجِيبٌ مُسْتَقِيمٌ
Hollow verbs, such as kana and qala, are doubly defective with hamza as final radical, with جَاءَ, شَاءَ, and سَاءَ being the most common.

Singular Plural Meaning
بَرْدٌ
cold (noun)
بَيّنَةٌ
clear proof
كَيْدٌ
plotting, wiles
وَبَالٌ
mischief
وَزْنٌ
weight
بِاَلْأَمْسِ
yesterday
Perfect Imperfect Verbal Noun Meaning
سَارَ
يَسِيرُ
سَيْرٌ
 to journey
خَافَ
يَخَافُ
خَوْفٌ
 to fear
جَاءَ
يَجيِءُ
to come
زَادَ
يَزِيدُ
زِيَادَةٌ
 to increase
شَاءَ
يَشَاءُ
to wish
سَاءَ
يَسُوءُ
سُوءٌ
 to be bad
أَرَادَ
يُرِيدُ
إِرَادَةٌ
 to want
أَطَاعَ
يُطِيعُ
إِطَاعَةٌ
 to obey
اِسْتَطَاعَ
يَسْتَطِيعُ
اِسْتِطَاعَةٌ
 to be able
قَامَ
يَقُومُ
قِيَامٌ
 to stand, rise
أَقَامَ
يُقِيمُ
(إِقَامٌ( إِقَامَةٌ
 to perform, uphold
مَاتَ
يَمُوتُ
مَوْتٌ
 to die
ذَاقَ
يَذُوقُ
ذَوْقٌ
 to taste
أَحَاطَ
يُحِيطُ
إِحَاطَةٌ
 to surround, comprehend
أَصَابَ
يُصِيبُ
إِصَابَةٌ
 to smite, befall
اِسْتَجَابَ
يَسْتَجِيبُ
جَوَابٌ
 to answer
أَجَابَ
يُجِيبُ
جَوَابٌ
 to turn, turn away (trans.)
صَرَفَ
يَصْرِفُ
صَرْفٌ
 to give in exchange
أَبْدَلَ
يُبْدِلُ
إِبْدَالٌ

وَأَوْحَيْنَآ إِلَىٰٓ أُمِّ مُوسَىٰٓ أَنْ أَرْضِعِيهِ ۖ فَإِذَا خِفْتِ عَلَيْهِ فَأَلْقِيهِ فِى ٱلْيَمِّ وَلَا تَخَافِى وَلَا تَحْزَنِىٓ ۖ إِنَّا رَآدُّوهُ إِلَيْكِ وَجَاعِلُوهُ مِنَ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ
And We inspired to the mother of Moses, "Suckle him; but when you fear for him, cast him into the river and do not fear and do not grieve. Indeed, We will return him to you and will make him [one] of the messengers."
أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا۟ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ فَيَنظُرُوا۟ كَيْفَ كَانَ عَـٰقِبَةُ ٱلَّذِينَ مِن قَبْلِهِمْ ۚ كَانُوٓا۟ أَكْثَرَ مِنْهُمْ وَأَشَدَّ قُوَّةً وَءَاثَارًا فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ فَمَآ أَغْنَىٰ عَنْهُم مَّا كَانُوا۟ يَكْسِبُونَ
Have they not traveled through the land and observed how was the end of those before them? They were more numerous than themselves and greater in strength and in impression on the land, but they were not availed by what they used to earn.
إِنَّهَا سَآءَتْ مُسْتَقَرًّا وَمُقَامًا
Indeed, it is evil as a settlement and residence."
أَعَدَّ ٱللَّهُ لَهُمْ عَذَابًا شَدِيدًا ۖ إِنَّهُمْ سَآءَ مَا كَانُوا۟ يَعْمَلُونَ
Allah has prepared for them a severe punishment. Indeed, it was evil that they were doing.
وَمَا تَشَآءُونَ إِلَّآ أَن يَشَآءَ ٱللَّهُ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا
And you do not will except that Allah wills. Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing and Wise.
وَكَذَٰلِكَ مَكَّنَّا لِيُوسُفَ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ يَتَبَوَّأُ مِنْهَا حَيْثُ يَشَآءُ ۚ نُصِيبُ بِرَحْمَتِنَا مَن نَّشَآءُ ۖ وَلَا نُضِيعُ أَجْرَ ٱلْمُحْسِنِينَ
And thus We established Joseph in the land to settle therein wherever he willed. We touch with Our mercy whom We will, and We do not allow to be lost the reward of those who do good.
وَجَآءَ ٱلْمُعَذِّرُونَ مِنَ ٱلْأَعْرَابِ لِيُؤْذَنَ لَهُمْ وَقَعَدَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَذَبُوا۟ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ ۚ سَيُصِيبُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِنْهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
And those with excuses among the bedouins came to be permitted [to remain], and they who had lied to Allah and His Messenger sat [at home]. There will strike those who disbelieved among them a painful punishment.
ثُمَّ بَعَثْنَا مِنۢ بَعْدِهِۦ رُسُلًا إِلَىٰ قَوْمِهِمْ فَجَآءُوهُم بِٱلْبَيِّنَـٰتِ فَمَا كَانُوا۟ لِيُؤْمِنُوا۟ بِمَا كَذَّبُوا۟ بِهِۦ مِن قَبْلُ ۚ كَذَٰلِكَ نَطْبَعُ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِ ٱلْمُعْتَدِينَ
Then We sent after him messengers to their peoples, and they came to them with clear proofs. But they were not to believe in that which they had denied before. Thus We seal over the hearts of the transgressors
قَالُوٓا۟ أَجِئْتَنَا لِنَعْبُدَ ٱللَّهَ وَحْدَهُۥ وَنَذَرَ مَا كَانَ يَعْبُدُ ءَابَآؤُنَا ۖ فَأْتِنَا بِمَا تَعِدُنَآ إِن كُنتَ مِنَ ٱلصَّـٰدِقِينَ
They said, "Have you come to us that we should worship Allah alone and leave what our fathers have worshipped? Then bring us what you promise us, if you should be of the truthful."
فَلَمَّآ أَنْ أَرَادَ أَن يَبْطِشَ بِٱلَّذِى هُوَ عَدُوٌّ لَّهُمَا قَالَ يَـٰمُوسَىٰٓ أَتُرِيدُ أَن تَقْتُلَنِى كَمَا قَتَلْتَ نَفْسًۢا بِٱلْأَمْسِ ۖ إِن تُرِيدُ إِلَّآ أَن تَكُونَ جَبَّارًا فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَمَا تُرِيدُ أَن تَكُونَ مِنَ ٱلْمُصْلِحِينَ
And when he wanted to strike the one who was an enemy to both of them, he said, "O Moses, do you intend to kill me as you killed someone yesterday? You only want to be a tyrant in the land and do not want to be of the amenders."
فَأَعْرِضْ عَن مَّن تَوَلَّىٰ عَن ذِكْرِنَا وَلَمْ يُرِدْ إِلَّا ٱلْحَيَوٰةَ ٱلدُّنْيَا
So turn away from whoever turns his back on Our message and desires not except the worldly life.
فَأَرَدْنَآ أَن يُبْدِلَهُمَا رَبُّهُمَا خَيْرًا مِّنْهُ زَكَوٰةً وَأَقْرَبَ رُحْمًا
So we intended that their Lord should substitute for them one better than him in purity and nearer to mercy.
أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ لَمْ يَكُونُوا۟ مُعْجِزِينَ فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ وَمَا كَانَ لَهُم مِّن دُونِ ٱللَّهِ مِنْ أَوْلِيَآءَ ۘ يُضَـٰعَفُ لَهُمُ ٱلْعَذَابُ ۚ مَا كَانُوا۟ يَسْتَطِيعُونَ ٱلسَّمْعَ وَمَا كَانُوا۟ يُبْصِرُونَ
Those were not causing failure [to Allah] on earth, nor did they have besides Allah any protectors. For them the punishment will be multiplied. They were not able to hear, nor did they see.
ءَامَنَ ٱلرَّسُولُ بِمَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْهِ مِن رَّبِّهِۦ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ ۚ كُلٌّ ءَامَنَ بِٱللَّهِ وَمَلَـٰٓئِكَتِهِۦ وَكُتُبِهِۦ وَرُسُلِهِۦ لَا نُفَرِّقُ بَيْنَ أَحَدٍ مِّن رُّسُلِهِۦ ۚ وَقَالُوا۟ سَمِعْنَا وَأَطَعْنَا ۖ غُفْرَانَكَ رَبَّنَا وَإِلَيْكَ ٱلْمَصِيرُ
The Messenger has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord, and [so have] the believers. All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], "We make no distinction between any of His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination."
ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَالُوا۟ لِلَّذِينَ كَرِهُوا۟ مَا نَزَّلَ ٱللَّهُ سَنُطِيعُكُمْ فِى بَعْضِ ٱلْأَمْرِ ۖ وَٱللَّهُ يَعْلَمُ إِسْرَارَهُمْ
That is because they said to those who disliked what Allah sent down, "We will obey you in part of the matter." And Allah knows what they conceal.
وَمِنْ ءَايَـٰتِهِۦٓ أَن تَقُومَ ٱلسَّمَآءُ وَٱلْأَرْضُ بِأَمْرِهِۦ ۚ ثُمَّ إِذَا دَعَاكُمْ دَعْوَةً مِّنَ ٱلْأَرْضِ إِذَآ أَنتُمْ تَخْرُجُونَ
And of His signs is that the heaven and earth remain by His command. Then when He calls you with a [single] call from the earth, immediately you will come forth.
وَإِذَا كُنتَ فِيهِمْ فَأَقَمْتَ لَهُمُ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ فَلْتَقُمْ طَآئِفَةٌ مِّنْهُم مَّعَكَ وَلْيَأْخُذُوٓا۟ أَسْلِحَتَهُمْ فَإِذَا سَجَدُوا۟ فَلْيَكُونُوا۟ مِن وَرَآئِكُمْ وَلْتَأْتِ طَآئِفَةٌ أُخْرَىٰ لَمْ يُصَلُّوا۟ فَلْيُصَلُّوا۟ مَعَكَ وَلْيَأْخُذُوا۟ حِذْرَهُمْ وَأَسْلِحَتَهُمْ ۗ وَدَّ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ لَوْ تَغْفُلُونَ عَنْ أَسْلِحَتِكُمْ وَأَمْتِعَتِكُمْ فَيَمِيلُونَ عَلَيْكُم مَّيْلَةً وَٰحِدَةً ۚ وَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ إِن كَانَ بِكُمْ أَذًى مِّن مَّطَرٍ أَوْ كُنتُم مَّرْضَىٰٓ أَن تَضَعُوٓا۟ أَسْلِحَتَكُمْ ۖ وَخُذُوا۟ حِذْرَكُمْ ۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ أَعَدَّ لِلْكَـٰفِرِينَ عَذَابًا مُّهِينًا
And when you are among them and lead them in prayer, let a group of them stand [in prayer] with you and let them carry their arms. And when they have prostrated, let them be [in position] behind you and have the other group come forward which has not [yet] prayed and let them pray with you, taking precaution and carrying their arms. Those who disbelieve wish that you would neglect your weapons and your baggage so they could come down upon you in one [single] attack. But there is no blame upon you, if you are troubled by rain or are ill, for putting down your arms, but take precaution. Indeed, Allah has prepared for the disbelievers a humiliating punishment.
أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ بِـَٔايَـٰتِ رَبِّهِمْ وَلِقَآئِهِۦ فَحَبِطَتْ أَعْمَـٰلُهُمْ فَلَا نُقِيمُ لَهُمْ يَوْمَ ٱلْقِيَـٰمَةِ وَزْنًا
Those are the ones who disbelieve in the verses of their Lord and in [their] meeting Him, so their deeds have become worthless; and We will not assign to them on the Day of Resurrection any importance.
لَّا يَذُوقُونَ فِيهَا بَرْدًا وَلَا شَرَابًا
They will not taste therein [any] coolness or drink
فَذَاقَتْ وَبَالَ أَمْرِهَا وَكَانَ عَـٰقِبَةُ أَمْرِهَا خُسْرًا
And it tasted the bad consequence of its affair, and the outcome of its affair was loss.
وَيَسْتَجِيبُ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَعَمِلُوا۟ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ وَيَزِيدُهُم مِّن فَضْلِهِۦ ۚ وَٱلْكَـٰفِرُونَ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ شَدِيدٌ
And He answers [the supplication of] those who have believed and done righteous deeds and increases [for] them from His bounty. But the disbelievers will have a severe punishment.
فَٱسْتَجَابَ لَهُۥ رَبُّهُۥ فَصَرَفَ عَنْهُ كَيْدَهُنَّ ۚ إِنَّهُۥ هُوَ ٱلسَّمِيعُ ٱلْعَلِيمُ
So his Lord responded to him and averted from him their plan. Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Knowing.
وَيَوْمَ يُنَادِيهِمْ فَيَقُولُ مَاذَآ أَجَبْتُمُ ٱلْمُرْسَلِينَ
And [mention] the Day He will call them and say, "What did you answer the messengers?"
فَمَكَثَ غَيْرَ بَعِيدٍ فَقَالَ أَحَطتُ بِمَا لَمْ تُحِطْ بِهِۦ وَجِئْتُكَ مِن سَبَإٍۭ بِنَبَإٍ يَقِينٍ
But the hoopoe stayed not long and said, "I have encompassed [in knowledge] that which you have not encompassed, and I have come to you from Sheba with certain news.