Mu'alim al-Qur'an - Connecting People with The Qur'an

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Mu'alim al-Qur'an - Connecting People with The Qur'an

Lesson No. 30
Defective Verbs

There are three types of defective verbs:
  1. kataba with waw as their final radical, e.g. raja.
  2. kataba with ya as their final radical, e.g. rama.
  3. shariba with either waw or ya* as their final radical, e.g radiya, baqiya and nasiya.
Defective verbs like kana and qala are difficult to introduce gradually but are easier than hollow verbs. Perfect, Imperfect, and Subjunctive forms differ from sound verbs, but Jussive requires care.

Perfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
رَجَا
3m.
رَجَوَا
رَجَوْا
رَجَتْ
3f.
رَجَتَا
رَجَوْنَ
رَجَوْتَ
2m.
رَجَوْتُمَا
رَجَوْتِم
رَجَوْتِ
2f.
رَجَوْتُمَا
رَجَوْتُنَّ
رَجَوْتُ
I
-
رَجَوْنَا
Imperfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَرْجُو
3m.
يَرْجُوَانِ
يَرْجُونَ
ترْجُو
3f.
تَرْجَوَانِ
يرْجُوْنَ
ترْجُو
2m.
تَرْجَوَانِ
ترْجُونَ
ترْجُينَ
2f.
تَرْجَوَانِ
ترْجُونَ
أرْجُو
I
-
نَرْجُوْ
Subjunctive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَرْجُوَ
3m.
يَرْجُوَا
يَرْجُوا
ترْجُوَ
3f.
تَرْجُوَا
يَرْجُوْنَ
تَرْجُوَ
2m.
تَرْجُوَا
ترْجُوا
تَرْجِي
2f.
تَرْجُوَا
ترْجُونَ
أرْجُوَ
I
-
نَرْجْوَ
Jussive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَرْجُوَ
3m.
يَرْجُوَا
يَرْجُوا
تَرْجُوَ
3f.
تَرْجُوَا
يَرْجُوْنَ
تَرْجُوَ
2m.
تَرْجُوَا
ترْجُوا
تَرْجِي
2f.
تَرْجُوَا
ترْجُونَ
أرْجُ
I
-
نَرْجُ

Perfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
رَمَى
3m.
رَمَيَا
رَمَوْا
رَمَتْ
 3f.
رَمَتَا
رَمَيْنَ
رَمَيْتَ
2m.
رَمَيْتُمَا
رَمَيتَمْ
رَمَيْتِ
2f.
رَمَيْتُمَا
رَمَيتُنَّ
رَمَيْتُ
I
-
رَمَينَا
Imperfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَرْمِي
3m.
يَرْمِيَانِ
يَرْمُونَ
تْرمِي
3f.
ترْمِيَانِ
يرْمِيْنَ
تْرمِي
2m.
ترْمِيَانِ
تَرْمِونَ
تْرمِينَ
2f.
ترْمِيَانِ
ترْمِيْنَ
أرمِيْ
I
-
نَرْمَي
Subjunctive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَرْمِيَ
3m.
يَرْمِيَا
يَرْمُوا
تَرْمِي
3f.
ترْمِيَان
يرْمِيْنَ
تْرْمِي
2m.
ترْمِيَا
تَرْمُوا
تْرْمِي
2f.
ترْمِيَا
ترْمِيْنَ
أَرمِيْ
I
-
نَرْمَيَ
Jussive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَرْمِ
3m.
يَرْمِيَا
يَرْمُوا
تَرْمِ
3f.
ترْمِيَا
يرْمِيْنَ
تْرْمِ
2m.
ترْمِيَا
تَرْمُوا
تَرْمِي
2f.
تَرْمِيَا
ترْمِيْنَ
أَرْمِ
I
-
نَرْمِ

Perfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
بَقِيَ
3m.
بَقِيَا
بَقُوا
بَقِيتْ
3f.
بَقِيَتَا
بَقِيْنَ
بَقِيتَ
2m.
بَقِيتُمَا
بقِيتُمْ
بَقِيتِ
2f.
بَقِيتُمَا
بقِيتُنَّ
بَقِيتُ
I
-
بَقِينَا
Imperfect:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَبْقَى
3m.
يَبْقَيَانِ
يَبْقَونَ
تَبْقَى
3f.
تَبْقَيَانِ
تَبْقَونَ
تَبْقَى
2m.
تَبْقِيَانِ
تَبْقَوْنَ
تَبْقَيْنَ
2f.
تَبْقَيَانِ
تَبْقَيْنَ
أبْقَى
I
-
نَبْقَى
Subjunctive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَبْقَى
3m.
يَبْقَيَا
يَبْقَوْا
تَبقَى
3f.
تَبَقِيَا
يبْقَيْنَ
تَبقَى
2m.
تَبَقِيَا
تَبْقَوْا
تَبقَيْ
2f.
تَبَقِيَا
تَبْقَيْنَ
أبْقَى
I
-
نَبْقَى
Jussive:
Singular   Dual Plural
يَبْقَ
3m.
يَبْقَيَا
يَبْقَوْا
تَبْقَ
3f.
تَبْقَيَا
يَبْقَينَ
تَبْقَ
2m.
تَبْقَيَا
تَبْقَوْا
تَبقَيْ
2f.
تَبْقَيَا
تَبْقَيْنَ
أَبْقَ
I
-
نَبْقَ

The perfect and imperfect tenses of verbs conjugate like rama, except for the 5th and 6th forms, which conjugate like baqiya's imperfect tenses.
The basic forms are:
Form Perfect Imperfect Subjunctive Jussive
2
لَقَّى
يُلَقِّي
يُلَقِّيَ
يُلَقِّ
3
لَاقَى
يُلَاقِي
يُلَاقِيَ
يُلاقِ
4
ألْقَى
يُلْقِيَ
يُلْقِيَ
يُلْقِ
5
تَلَقَّى
يَتَلَقَّى
يَتَلَقَّى
يَتَلَقَّ
6
تَرَاضَى
يَتَرَاضَى
يَتَرَاضَى
يَتَرَاضَ
7
اِنْقَضَى
يَنْقَضِي
يَنْقَضِي
يَنْقَضِ
8
اِلْتَقَى
يَلْتَقِي
يَلْتَقِيَ
يَلْتَقِ
9
اِسْتَغْلَى
يَسْتَغْلِي
يَسْتَغْلِيَ
يَسْتَغْل
The masdar of defective verbs, like the 2nd form of third radical hamza verbs, is based on tafilatun, with weak radicals treated as sound and conjugated like rama or baqiya.

Singular Plural Meaning
طِينٌ
clay
رُعْبٌ
terror
سُوقٌ (.f)
اَسْوَاقٌ
 market
ثُمَّ
then
بَغْتَةً
suddenly
Perfect Imperfect Verbal Noun Meaning
أَتَى
يَأْتِي
إِتْيَانٌ
 to come
آتَى
يُؤْتِي
إِيتَاءٌ
 to give
رَأَى
يَرَى
رَأْيٌ
 to see
جَزَى
يَجْزِي
جَزَاءٌ
 to require
دَعَا
يَدْعُو
دُعَاءٌ
 to call, pray
رَجَا
يَرْجُو
رَجَاءٌ
 to hope
قَضَى
يَقْضِي
قَضَاءٌ
 to determine
مَشَى
يَمْشِي
مَشْيٌ
 to walk
هَدَى
يَهْدِي
هُدًى
 to guide
بَقِىَ
يَبْقَى
بَقَاءٌ
 to remain
خَشِيَ
يَخْشَى
خَشْيَةٌ
 to fear
لَقِيَ
يَلْقَى
لِقَاءٌ
 to meet
نَسِيَ
يَنْسَى
نَسْيٌ
 to forget
سَمَّى
يُسَمِي
تَسْمِيَةٌ
 to name
صَلَّى
يُصَلِي
صَلَاةٌ
 to pray
نَادَى
يُنَادِي
نِدَاءٌ
 to call out
أَلْقَى
يُلْقِي
إِلْقَاءٌ
 to throw
أَعْطَى
يُعْطِي
إِعْطَاءٌ
 to give
اَوْفَى
يُوفِي
إِيفَاءٌ
 to fulfil, give in full
تَوَلَّى
يَتَوَلَّى
تَوَلٍّ
 to turn away; to take on oneself
اِتَّقَى
يَتَّقِي
اِتِقَاءٌ
 to protect oneself, to be god-fearing
شَعَرَ
يَشْغُرُ
شُعُورٌ
 to feel, perceive
أَنْجَى
يُنْجِي
إِنْجَاءٌ
 to rescue

فَأَتَتْ بِهِۦ قَوْمَهَا تَحْمِلُهُۥ ۖ قَالُوا۟ يَـٰمَرْيَمُ لَقَدْ جِئْتِ شَيْـًٔا فَرِيًّا
Then she brought him to her people, carrying him. They said, "O Mary, you have certainly done a thing unprecedented.
أَفَأَمِنُوٓا۟ أَن تَأْتِيَهُمْ غَـٰشِيَةٌ مِّنْ عَذَابِ ٱللَّهِ أَوْ تَأْتِيَهُمُ ٱلسَّاعَةُ بَغْتَةً وَهُمْ لَا يَشْعُرُونَ
Then do they feel secure that there will not come to them an overwhelming [aspect] of the punishment of Allah or that the Hour will not come upon them suddenly while they do not perceive?
سَلْ بَنِىٓ إِسْرَٰٓءِيلَ كَمْ ءَاتَيْنَـٰهُم مِّنْ ءَايَةٍۭ بَيِّنَةٍ ۗ وَمَن يُبَدِّلْ نِعْمَةَ ٱللَّهِ مِنۢ بَعْدِ مَا جَآءَتْهُ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ شَدِيدُ ٱلْعِقَابِ
Ask the Children of Israel how many a sign of evidence We have given them. And whoever exchanges the favor of Allah [for disbelief] after it has come to him - then indeed, Allah is severe in penalty.
إِنَّمَا وَلِيُّكُمُ ٱللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُۥ وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ ٱلَّذِينَ يُقِيمُونَ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَيُؤْتُونَ ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَهُمْ رَٰكِعُونَ
Your ally is none but Allah and [therefore] His Messenger and those who have believed - those who establish prayer and give zakah, and they bow [in worship].
وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَٰهِيمُ لِأَبِيهِ ءَازَرَ أَتَتَّخِذُ أَصْنَامًا ءَالِهَةً ۖ إِنِّىٓ أَرَىٰكَ وَقَوْمَكَ فِى ضَلَـٰلٍ مُّبِينٍ
And [mention, O Muhammad], when Abraham said to his father Azar, "Do you take idols as deities? Indeed, I see you and your people to be in manifest error."
أَفَرَءَيْتُمُ ٱلْمَآءَ ٱلَّذِى تَشْرَبُونَ
And have you seen the water that you drink?
إِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَٱلَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا۟ وَجَـٰهَدُوا۟ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ يَرْجُونَ رَحْمَتَ ٱللَّهِ ۚ وَٱللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
Indeed, those who have believed and those who have emigrated and fought in the cause of Allah - those expect the mercy of Allah. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّى دَعَوْتُ قَوْمِى لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا
He said, "My Lord, indeed I invited my people [to truth] night and day.
وَمَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِن قَبْلِهِ ٱلرُّسُلُ ۚ أَفَإِي۟ن مَّاتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ ٱنقَلَبْتُمْ عَلَىٰٓ أَعْقَـٰبِكُمْ ۚ وَمَن يَنقَلِبْ عَلَىٰ عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَن يَضُرَّ ٱللَّهَ شَيْـًٔا ۗ وَسَيَجْزِى ٱللَّهُ ٱلشَّـٰكِرِينَ
Muhammad is not but a messenger. [Other] messengers have passed on before him. So if he was to die or be killed, would you turn back on your heels [to unbelief]? And he who turns back on his heels will never harm Allah at all; but Allah will reward the grateful.
هُوَ ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَكُم مِّن طِينٍ ثُمَّ قَضَىٰٓ أَجَلًا ۖ وَأَجَلٌ مُّسَمًّى عِندَهُۥ ۖ ثُمَّ أَنتُمْ تَمْتَرُونَ
It is He who created you from clay and then decreed a term and a specified time [known] to Him; then [still] you are in dispute.
وَعِبَادُ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ ٱلَّذِينَ يَمْشُونَ عَلَى ٱلْأَرْضِ هَوْنًا وَإِذَا خَاطَبَهُمُ ٱلْجَـٰهِلُونَ قَالُوا۟ سَلَـٰمًا
And the servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth easily, and when the ignorant address them [harshly], they say [words of] peace,
وَقَالُوا۟ مَالِ هَـٰذَا ٱلرَّسُولِ يَأْكُلُ ٱلطَّعَامَ وَيَمْشِى فِى ٱلْأَسْوَاقِ ۙ لَوْلَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْهِ مَلَكٌ فَيَكُونَ مَعَهُۥ نَذِيرًا
And they say, "What is this messenger that eats food and walks in the markets? Why was there not sent down to him an angel so he would be with him a warner?
ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّخَذُوا۟ دِينَهُمْ لَهْوًا وَلَعِبًا وَغَرَّتْهُمُ ٱلْحَيَوٰةُ ٱلدُّنْيَا ۚ فَٱلْيَوْمَ نَنسَىٰهُمْ كَمَا نَسُوا۟ لِقَآءَ يَوْمِهِمْ هَـٰذَا وَمَا كَانُوا۟ بِـَٔايَـٰتِنَا يَجْحَدُونَ
Who took their religion as distraction and amusement and whom the worldly life deluded." So today We will forget them just as they forgot the meeting of this Day of theirs and for having rejected Our verses.
ٱلَّذِينَ يُبَلِّغُونَ رِسَـٰلَـٰتِ ٱللَّهِ وَيَخْشَوْنَهُۥ وَلَا يَخْشَوْنَ أَحَدًا إِلَّا ٱللَّهَ ۗ وَكَفَىٰ بِٱللَّهِ حَسِيبًا
[Allah praises] those who convey the messages of Allah and fear Him and do not fear anyone but Allah. And sufficient is Allah as Accountant.
وَجَـٰهِدُوا۟ فِى ٱللَّهِ حَقَّ جِهَادِهِۦ ۚ هُوَ ٱجْتَبَىٰكُمْ وَمَا جَعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِى ٱلدِّينِ مِنْ حَرَجٍ ۚ مِّلَّةَ أَبِيكُمْ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ ۚ هُوَ سَمَّىٰكُمُ ٱلْمُسْلِمِينَ مِن قَبْلُ وَفِى هَـٰذَا لِيَكُونَ ٱلرَّسُولُ شَهِيدًا عَلَيْكُمْ وَتَكُونُوا۟ شُهَدَآءَ عَلَى ٱلنَّاسِ ۚ فَأَقِيمُوا۟ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَءَاتُوا۟ ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَٱعْتَصِمُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ هُوَ مَوْلَىٰكُمْ ۖ فَنِعْمَ ٱلْمَوْلَىٰ وَنِعْمَ ٱلنَّصِيرُ
And strive for Allah with the striving due to Him. He has chosen you and has not placed upon you in the religion any difficulty. [It is] the religion of your father, Abraham. Allah named you "Muslims" before [in former scriptures] and in this [revelation] that the Messenger may be a witness over you and you may be witnesses over the people. So establish prayer and give zakah and hold fast to Allah. He is your protector; and excellent is the protector, and excellent is the helper.
فَنَادَتْهُ ٱلْمَلَـٰٓئِكَةُ وَهُوَ قَآئِمٌ يُصَلِّى فِى ٱلْمِحْرَابِ أَنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُبَشِّرُكَ بِيَحْيَىٰ مُصَدِّقًۢا بِكَلِمَةٍ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَسَيِّدًا وَحَصُورًا وَنَبِيًّا مِّنَ ٱلصَّـٰلِحِينَ
So the angels called him while he was standing in prayer in the chamber, "Indeed, Allah gives you good tidings of John, confirming a word from Allah and [who will be] honorable, abstaining [from women], and a prophet from among the righteous."
وَمِنْ ءَابَآئِهِمْ وَذُرِّيَّـٰتِهِمْ وَإِخْوَٰنِهِمْ ۖ وَٱجْتَبَيْنَـٰهُمْ وَهَدَيْنَـٰهُمْ إِلَىٰ صِرَٰطٍ مُّسْتَقِيمٍ
And [some] among their fathers and their descendants and their brothers - and We chose them and We guided them to a straight path.
أَلَا لِلَّهِ ٱلدِّينُ ٱلْخَالِصُ ۚ وَٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّخَذُوا۟ مِن دُونِهِۦٓ أَوْلِيَآءَ مَا نَعْبُدُهُمْ إِلَّا لِيُقَرِّبُونَآ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ زُلْفَىٰٓ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَحْكُمُ بَيْنَهُمْ فِى مَا هُمْ فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ ۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ لَا يَهْدِى مَنْ هُوَ كَـٰذِبٌ كَفَّارٌ
Unquestionably, for Allah is the pure religion. And those who take protectors besides Him [say], "We only worship them that they may bring us nearer to Allah in position." Indeed, Allah will judge between them concerning that over which they differ. Indeed, Allah does not guide he who is a liar and [confirmed] disbeliever.
فَأَلْقَىٰ عَصَاهُ فَإِذَا هِىَ ثُعْبَانٌ مُّبِينٌ
So Moses threw his staff, and suddenly it was a serpent, manifest.
سَنُلْقِى فِى قُلُوبِ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ ٱلرُّعْبَ بِمَآ أَشْرَكُوا۟ بِٱللَّهِ مَا لَمْ يُنَزِّلْ بِهِۦ سُلْطَـٰنًا ۖ وَمَأْوَىٰهُمُ ٱلنَّارُ ۚ وَبِئْسَ مَثْوَى ٱلظَّـٰلِمِينَ
We will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve for what they have associated with Allah of which He had not sent down [any] authority. And their refuge will be the Fire, and wretched is the residence of the wrongdoers.
وَأَنجَيْنَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ وَكَانُوا۟ يَتَّقُونَ
And We saved those who believed and used to fear Allah.
بَلَىٰ مَنْ أَوْفَىٰ بِعَهْدِهِۦ وَٱتَّقَىٰ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحِبُّ ٱلْمُتَّقِينَ
But yes, whoever fulfills his commitment and fears Allah - then indeed, Allah loves those who fear Him.
أَفَرَءَيْتَ ٱلَّذِى تَوَلَّىٰ
Have you seen the one who turned away
فَتَوَلَّىٰ عَنْهُمْ وَقَالَ يَـٰقَوْمِ لَقَدْ أَبْلَغْتُكُمْ رِسَـٰلَـٰتِ رَبِّى وَنَصَحْتُ لَكُمْ ۖ فَكَيْفَ ءَاسَىٰ عَلَىٰ قَوْمٍ كَـٰفِرِينَ
And he turned away from them and said, "O my people, I had certainly conveyed to you the messages of my Lord and advised you, so how could I grieve for a disbelieving people?"
أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى ٱلَّذِينَ أُوتُوا۟ نَصِيبًا مِّنَ ٱلْكِتَـٰبِ يُدْعَوْنَ إِلَىٰ كِتَـٰبِ ٱللَّهِ لِيَحْكُمَ بَيْنَهُمْ ثُمَّ يَتَوَلَّىٰ فَرِيقٌ مِّنْهُمْ وَهُم مُّعْرِضُونَ
Do you not consider, [O Muhammad], those who were given a portion of the Scripture? They are invited to the Scripture of Allah that it should arbitrate between them; then a party of them turns away, and they are refusing.